In the virtual exhibition HAMAMATSU SOUNDS IN 2024—that took place this October—users were invited to explore a two-room gallery showcasing photographs of people making music (or more precisely, to use the term coined by Christopher Small, of people musicking). Captured by Mexican artist Laura Rodríguez, these images reveal the profound joy music generates, its capacity to forge and strengthen social bonds, and its ubiquity in Hamamatsu.
Syncopation, Cherry Blossoms and Cempasúchis: El Cuarteto Mexicano de Jazz at Hamamatsu Sounds in 2024
With a borrowed body that casts no shadow, I float in a space where shoji-style windows harmonize with the digital architecture. The screen’s whitish glow illuminates the photographs on display, while a Mexican pianist plays a piece composed by an African-American jazz musician, inspired by traditional Japanese music. Just as in this doorless space, it makes little sense (if any at all) to question where we come from, nor is it meaningful to ask about ownership of this music—whose greatest legacy is perhaps the production of difference in a medium that has always encouraged cultural blending. (In the beginning, there was pollination.) In this small world where I joyously drift, borders that typically separate tradition from the avant-garde, the Japanese from the Mexican, image from sound, and perhaps past from future, are destabilized.
In the virtual exhibition HAMAMATSU SOUNDS IN 2024—that took place this October—users were invited to explore a two-room gallery showcasing photographs of people making music (or more precisely, to use the term coined by Christopher Small, of people musicking). Captured by Mexican artist Laura Rodríguez, these images reveal the profound joy music generates, its capacity to forge and strengthen social bonds, and its ubiquity in Hamamatsu. As a counterpoint to the usually fast rhythm of these photographs, visitors are encounteres by music created by Mexican artists specifically for this exhibition. Notably, the works feature collaborations from the Mexican-Japanese Lyceum (whose 15-member flute ensemble performs the traditional piece “Tankobushi”); electronic producer Leo Moreno (with his track “The Sound of Color,” using Yamaha, Roland, and Kawai synthesizers); young singer from Veracruz Taliah Armenta Ruiz accompanied by Olivia Hernández on piano; and, taking center stage, the Mexican Jazz Quartet (Cuarteto Mexicano de Jazz). Formed in 1969 and currently featuring Marie Anne Greenham on bass, Edy Vega on drums, Pablo Salas on saxophone, and Francisco Téllez—a pianist and educator of several generations of Mexican jazz musicians—the ensemble presents interpretations of “Japanese Mix” (a composition by Thelonious Monk), “Sakura Mix” (in ensemble and solo piano versions), and Mexican traditional songs “La Adelita” and “La Sandunga.” Through these performances, they create a musical discourse that celebrates cultural diversity and the creative fusion of elements from different traditions. Presented in short segments, these pieces convey a fragmented, even recombinant, experience aligned with the virtual environment.
Though its explicit purpose is to celebrate music’s power to foster peace and collaboration, in honor of the tenth anniversary of UNESCO’s recognition of Hamamatsu as a “Creative City of Music,” HAMAMATSU SOUNDS IN 2024 stands out for highlighting the immense relevance of technology in musical activity. Just as UNESCO’s recognition underlines the ontological primacy of instruments in music creation, the exhibition emphasizes the importance of listening and recording-reproduction media. The virtual architecture enables new relationships among listeners/viewers (now transformed into users) and between different arts in a shared medium. Thus, this experience involves intentional pairings of music and imagery, often creating distance between the sounds depicted in photographs and those actually heard, producing new meaning through juxtaposition. The result is an experience that questions current cultural and communicative boundaries in a world where the internet creates distances that do not necessarily align with geographic proximity.
Hamamatsu’s influence—and therefore proximity—is much greater than one might initially assume for a Japanese city with under 800,000 inhabitants. As the birthplace of companies dedicated to the design and manufacturing of musical technology—Yamaha (1887), Kawai (1927), and Tokai (1947), and, since 2005, Roland (1972) as well—Hamamatsu has had an incalculable cultural impact. To gauge this impact, one need only recall the decisive role of the Yamaha DX7 (the first mass-produced synthesizer, launched in 1983, selling over 200,000 units worldwide) or the Roland TR-808 drum machine (introduced in 1980 and foundational for hip-hop, techno, and post-punk, used by artists as diverse as Afrika Bambaataa, Run-DMC, Talking Heads, and New Order), as well as Yamaha’s release of the first commercial CD recorder in 1988 and Roland’s invention of the MIDI format. Without question, UNESCO’s recognition is worth celebrating, considering the ontological primacy of instruments in music, as noted by musicologists Bernard Sève and Wade Matthews. Indeed, technology in music is not merely a medium as it is in other arts; because music is a temporal art, instruments are inseparable from the (re)creation of works, with each performance serving as the medium through which it materially exists.
On this, Bernard Sève writes, “(…) in a way, nothing precedes the musical instrument. It is not secondary, but primary. This is where its extreme singularity lies within the set of technical objects.” This singularity, as the French musicologist explains, is that of technical objects that transcend problem-solution logic to establish a framework based on pure sonic desire and human imagination, producing a “new layer of possible sensations.” For Sève, the making of instruments entails, much like composition and performance, the production of sonic ideas.
Moreover, Hamamatsu’s influence extends beyond the manufacturing of musical instruments to encompass amplification, recording, and sound reproduction technologies. These companies have thus not only shaped artistic creation but also produced listening modes that have defined entire eras. Could we imagine the 1980s without CD players or the 1990s DIY culture without digital technology?
From a critical perspective, it could be argued that, like other industries, Hamamatsu’s companies have contributed to cultural homogenization by mass-marketing certain devices. While their history is indeed intertwined with global capitalism and even Japan’s Westernization process—Yamaha, after all, built the first Japanese piano, an instrument inseparable in its design from the Western musical conception—they have also fostered a cosmopolitan sonic culture, helping to establish a kind of musical lingua franca.
This tension between the local and the universal is inescapable in today’s music. Yet, perhaps analogous to dissonance in jazz, it serves as fertile ground for human creation and expression. The music created by the Mexican Jazz Quartet for this exhibition grows precisely from this soil, giving a hard bop and post-bop treatment to pieces from diverse origins. In their musical pot, Mexican popular songs—like “La Adelita” and “La Sandunga”—blend with traditional Japanese pieces, while a Thelonious Monk composition, itself inspired by an old Japanese song, also makes an appearance… A cultural fabric that questions ideas of ownership and origin through sound and listening.
In general, the pieces featured in the exhibition are characterized by an approach in which recognizable melodies undergo various procedures, making them more dissonant. The ensemble’s cohesion is notable, allowing the always precise rhythm of the drums and bass to give the piano greater rhythmic freedom. In different sections of the group version of “Sakura Mix,” we hear multiple rhythmic shifts, both in subdivision and tempo, expertly executed by the ensemble and accompanied by increasingly dissonant harmonies. The piece is treated with strong off-beats, giving it a ska-like feel. The bass plays a central role, moving from fast walking to long, syncopated low notes, before returning to a more agile, steady walking pattern. The saxophone varies the theme in ostinato with quick lines, while the piano provides a counterpoint with chord blocks reminiscent of McCoy Tyner.
Francisco Téllez’s mastery shines in the solo piano version of “Sakura,” a piece from the Edo period (1603-1868) dedicated to the cherry blossom. Téllez invites us to float with a skillful use of pedal and a rubato tempo. As the piece progresses, it gains harmonic motion while Téllez expands the piano’s range, presenting the melody in chord blocks. After a display of virtuosity—fast descending passages and long trills—the piece stabilizes, returning to the initial melody with a renewed brightness that perhaps is a tribute to the future of Mexican-Japanese relations or the city of Hamamatsu itself. The arrival of spring ocurs during the piece, ending with the bloom of the cherry blossom.
In their rendition of La Sandunga, the Quartet plays with our memory, hinting at the melody primarily through rhythmic recall. The theme emerges through a dense instrumental layer in which the drums play a central role. Through a display of virtuosity, marked by a skillful use of toms and rapid cymbal passages, Edy Vega occupies a wide sonic space while generating an energy that propels Pablo Salas’s saxophone into passages of high velocity, increasingly gritty, frenetic, and iridescent in tone. Structurally, the piece begins with a clean and minimally harmonized melody on the bass, leading into an improvisation where the piano’s wide-open chords build energy by producing mounting tension. Under the Quartet’s treatment, it is as if La Sandunga encounters Stravinsky on its journey to Japan, lending the melody a strong dose of dissonance that emphasizes its rhythmic contour.
Likewise, the Quartet’s syncopated treatment of La Adelita infuses the melody with unexpected energy and brightness. The saxophone’s vibrant tone, combined with rhythmic counterpoint from the piano’s precise attacks, gives this Adelita (i.e. women that participated in the Mexican Revolution) an uninhibited spirit. Furthermore, the presence of a rhythmic foundation, almost cumbia-like, provides the piece with a stable base over which the piano moves more freely, making this Adelita to dance.
Japanese Mix allows us to appreciate the individual talents of each member of the Quartet in greater detail. This piece is a well-crafted version of Thelonious Monk’s Japanese Folk Song, composed in 1967 and inspired by the traditional song Kojo No Tsuki from the Meiji period (1868–1912). Téllez opens the piece with a richly flavored introduction, revealing his deep knowledge of piano technique and the blues. The entire band then enters to repeat the theme with a more pronounced rhythmic base. The saxophone, this time constructing the melody with a subtle tone, receives responses from the piano while the drums establish a swing rhytm. After this groove-laden section, there follows a bass solo and then a drum solo. In her solo, Marie Anne Greenham employs swift octave jumps and explores her instrument’s upper register, producing a warm timbre. Edy Vega then constructs a drum solo centered around the snare, developing a counterpoint through the toms. Once again, the expansive acoustic space that the Mexican drummer fills with cymbals creates a contrast with the moments when he uses only the hi-hat and snare, employing rimshots. When the ensemble reenters, the saxophone adopts a somewhat muted tone, playing the melody with pronounced staccato. The piano responds with grounded, stable chords rich in fourths, fitting well with a piece inspired by the ruins of ancient Japanese castles.
Before concluding, it is worth noting that the Quartet’s pieces exhibit a certain tension with the format proposed by this exhibition. While this may offer a renewed listening experience or the opportunity to highlight particular sections of their improvisations, it seems somewhat peculiar that the palpable continuity of these musical pieces is made to align with the rapidity and modular nature of a digital environment. This observation in no way detracts from the musicians’ mastery; yet it underscores that the listening medium—i.e., digital architecture—recalls for a radical rethinking of the duration and nature of those musics created to inhabit it.
In the beginning there was cross-pollination. For jazz, or any other cultural expression, to persist, it is essential to encourage its fusion with other cultural forms and its reinvention through new technologies. In this sense, HAMAMATSU SOUNDS IN 2024 appears to sketch a possible path for the future of jazz: embracing its improvisational nature within the realm of virtuality.